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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rwanda-Rundi</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Belgian colony, see <a href="Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Rwanda-Rundi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a>, <a href="Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>, <a href="Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>, <a href="Ganwa" title="Ganwa">Ganwa</a>, <a href="Ha_people" title="Ha people">Ha</a>, <a href="Shubi_people" title="Shubi people">Shubi</a>, <a href="Hangaza_people" title="Hangaza people">Hangaza</a>, <a href="Vinza_people" title="Vinza people">Vinza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20 million (2001–2007)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>
<a href="Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Volta-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Bantoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantoid">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Northeast_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Bantu">Northeast Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Great_Lakes_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Bantu">Great Lakes Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Rwanda-Rundi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">
<ul><li><a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)</a></li>
<li><a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi (Kirundi)</a></li>
<li><a href="Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li>
<li><a href="Shubi_language" title="Shubi language">Shubi</a></li>
<li><a href="Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li>
<li><a href="Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><br>(as <a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>)<br><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><br>(as <a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kin" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:kin">kin</a></code> – Rwanda<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/run" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:run">run</a></code> – Rundi<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/haq" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:haq">haq</a></code> – Ha<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/suj" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:suj">suj</a></code> – Shubi<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/han" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:han">han</a></code> – Hangaza<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vin" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:vin">vin</a></code> – Vinza</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rwan1241">rwan1241</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">
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<p><b>Rwanda-Rundi</b> or <b>West Highlands Kivu</b> is a group of <a href="Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu languages</a>, specifically a <a href="Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, spoken in Central Africa. Two dialects, <a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a> and <a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, have been standardized as the <a href="National_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="National languages">national languages</a> of <a href="Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> respectively. These neighbouring dialects are <a href="Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>, but other dialects which are more distant ones may not be. The other dialects are spoken in the <a href="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (Kinyabwisha in <a href="North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>), <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (Rufumbira, spoken by the <a href="Bafumbira" title="Bafumbira">Bafumbira</a> in <a href="Kisoro_District" title="Kisoro District">Kisoro District</a>), and <a href="Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>; <a href="Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a>, with one million speakers, is the most widely spoken.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_Kinyarwanda_and_Kirundi">Comparison of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi</h2></div>
<p><a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> and <a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a> are very similar in many aspects, but differ in several ways as well.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonal_marking">Tonal marking</h3></div><p>
Both languages are <a href="Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal languages</a>. High and low tones (or H and L) are the essential tones and, having a phonemic distinction on vowel length, when a long vowel changes from a low tone to a high tone it is marked as a rising tone and when a long vowel changes from a high tone to a low tone, it is marked as a falling tone. This is often illustrated in <a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a> in <a href="Meeussen's_rule" title="Meeussen's rule">Meeussen's rule</a>. Propositions have also been made that tones can shift by a metrical or rhythmic structure. </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Symbol<sup>1</sup>
</th>
<th>Explanation
</th>
<th><a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a>
</th>
<th>English (definition)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">Plain <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a><br>(a, e, i, o, u)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Short vowel<br>Low tone
</td>
<td colspan="2">(gu)saba
</td>
<td><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a>
</td>
<td>ask, request
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">umugezi
</td>
<td><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a>
</td>
<td>stream, river
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(gu)shyika
</td>
<td>(gu)shika
</td>
<td>Verb
</td>
<td>arrive
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">ikiraro
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>bridge
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">gusa
</td>
<td><a href="Comparison_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison (grammar)">Incomparable</a> <a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>
</td>
<td>only, just
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute</a> vowel<br>(á, é, í, ó, ú)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Short vowel<br>High tone
</td>
<td colspan="2">inká
</td>
<td rowspan="5" align="center">Noun
</td>
<td>cow
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">intébe
</td>
<td>chair
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">igití
</td>
<td>tree, stick, wood
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">urugó
</td>
<td>yard, corral
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">urutúgu
</td>
<td>shoulder
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Circumflex" title="Circumflex">Circumflex</a> vowel<br>(Kinyarwanda)<br>(â, ê, î, ô, û)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Short vowel<br>High tone
</td>
<td>inkâ
</td>
<td>inká
</td>
<td rowspan="5" align="center">Noun
</td>
<td>cow
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>intêbe
</td>
<td>intébe
</td>
<td>chair
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>igitî
</td>
<td>igití
</td>
<td>tree, stick, wood
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>urugô
</td>
<td>urugó
</td>
<td>yard, corral
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>urutûgu
</td>
<td>urutúgu
</td>
<td>shoulder
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Circumflex" title="Circumflex">Circumflex</a> vowel<br>(Kirundi)<br>(â, ê, î, ô, û)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Short vowel<br>High tone (on the accent vowel in Kinyarwanda)
</td>
<td>amáazi
</td>
<td>amâzi
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>water
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(gu)téeka
</td>
<td>(gu)têka
</td>
<td>Verb
</td>
<td>cook
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>izíiko
</td>
<td>izîko
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>hearth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(ku)ryóoha
</td>
<td>(ku)ryôha
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Verb
</td>
<td>taste good
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(gu)kúunda
</td>
<td>(gu)kûnda
</td>
<td>love, like
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> vowel<br>(Kirundi only)<br>(ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Long vowel<br>Low tone (both letters in low tone in Kinyarwanda)
</td>
<td>igisaabo
</td>
<td>igisābo
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Noun
</td>
<td>gourd
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>icyeegeera
</td>
<td>icēgēra
</td>
<td>plant
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(ku)giisha
</td>
<td>(ku)gīsha
</td>
<td>Verb
</td>
<td>make go
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ingoona
</td>
<td>ingōna
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Noun
</td>
<td>crocodile
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>uruuho
</td>
<td>urūho
</td>
<td>gourd (utensil)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Caron" title="Caron">Caron</a> vowel<br>(Kirundi only)<br>(ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Long vowel<br>High tone (on the accent vowel in Kinyarwanda)
</td>
<td>ububaásha
</td>
<td>ububǎsha
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>ability
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Abeéga
</td>
<td>Aběga
</td>
<td><a href="Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> noun
</td>
<td><a href="Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsis</a>, Tutsi clan
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>umuhiígi
</td>
<td>umuhǐgi
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Noun
</td>
<td>hunter
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>umukoóbwa
</td>
<td>umukǒbwa
</td>
<td>girl
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>umuúnsi
</td>
<td>umǔsi
</td>
<td>day, date
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Diaeresis</a> vowel<br>(Kirundi only)<br>(ä, ë, ï, ö, ü)
</td>
<td rowspan="5">Long vowel<br>High tone
</td>
<td rowspan="5">No equivalent tonal pattern
</td>
<td>bäkoze
</td>
<td><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a>
</td>
<td>they did
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>mwëse
</td>
<td><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a>
</td>
<td>all of you
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>narï nzi
</td>
<td><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a>
</td>
<td>I thought, I knew
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>böse
</td>
<td><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a>
</td>
<td>all of them
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>warüzi
</td>
<td><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a>
</td>
<td>you thought, you knew
</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff">
<td colspan="6"><small><sup>1</sup> These symbols are only used in <a href="Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">transcription</a>, for example in a <a href="Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>, but in other forms of writing, plain vowels are used and letters are not doubled (unless if the word itself is spelt in that way).</small>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling">Spelling</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Formation
</th>
<th><a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a>
</th>
<th>English (definition)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">c+y
</td>
<td><b>cy</b>ane
</td>
<td><b>c</b>ane
</td>
<td><a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a>
</td>
<td>very
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>cy</b>anjye
</td>
<td><b>c</b>anje
</td>
<td><a href="Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">Possessive pronoun</a>, <a href="Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjective</a>
</td>
<td>mine, my
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>i<b>cy</b>ubahiro
</td>
<td>i<b>c</b>ubahiro
</td>
<td><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a>
</td>
<td>respect
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>nta<b>cy</b>o
</td>
<td>nta<b>c</b>o
</td>
<td><a href="Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite pronoun</a>
</td>
<td>nothing
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">j+y
</td>
<td>-<b>jy</b>a
</td>
<td>-<b>j</b>a
</td>
<td><a href="Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a>, <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>
</td>
<td>go
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>n<b>jy</b>ewe
</td>
<td>n<b>j</b>ewe
</td>
<td><a href="Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object pronoun</a>
</td>
<td>me
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>yan<b>jy</b>e
</td>
<td>yan<b>j</b>e
</td>
<td>Possessive pronoun, possessive adjective
</td>
<td>mine, my
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">sh+y
</td>
<td>-<b>shy</b>ira
</td>
<td>-<b>sh</b>ira
</td>
<td>Prefix, verb
</td>
<td>put, place
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>inde<b>shy</b>o
</td>
<td>inde<b>sh</b>o
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>height
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>n<b>shy</b>a
</td>
<td>n<b>sh</b>a
</td>
<td><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a>
</td>
<td>new
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">b+y<br>v+y
</td>
<td>umu<b>by</b>eyi
</td>
<td>umu<b>vy</b>eyi
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>parent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>-goro<b>by</b>e
</td>
<td>-goro<b>vy</b>e
</td>
<td>Prefix, verb
</td>
<td>became evening
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>-i<b>by</b>e
</td>
<td>-i<b>vy</b>e
</td>
<td>Prefix, possessive pronoun, verb
</td>
<td>his (multiple objects), stole
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_formation">Word formation</h3></div>
<p>There are many instances in which the two speech varieties of both languages have words that are slightly different. However, these differences do not continually recur. One has to memorize such differences as "-anga" in Kinyarwanda in contrast to "-anka" in Kirundi (meaning to dislike or hate), because the shift from "g" to "k" is extremely rare, with proof being words like "inka" (cow), "inkono" (pot) and many other words where "nk" is common in both dialects. Such minor variations involve different consonants, vowels or vowel lengths, tones or affixes.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Summary
</th>
<th><a href="Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Rwanda</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a>
</th>
<th>English (definition)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5"><a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a>
</td>
<td>im<b>py</b>isi
</td>
<td>im<b>fy</b>isi
</td>
<td><a href="Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> <a href="Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>
</td>
<td>hyena, jackal
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(kw)a<b>ng</b>a
</td>
<td>(kw)a<b>nk</b>a
</td>
<td><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a>
</td>
<td>dislike, hate
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ama<b>g</b>ambo
</td>
<td>ama<b>j</b>ambo
</td>
<td>Plural noun
</td>
<td>words
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>umu<b>ns</b>i
</td>
<td>umu<b>s</b>i
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Noun
</td>
<td>day, date
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>i<b>j</b>osi
</td>
<td>i<b>z</b>osi
</td>
<td>neck
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3"><a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a>
</td>
<td>ibiyob<b>e</b>
</td>
<td>ibiyob<b>a</b>
</td>
<td>Plural noun
</td>
<td>peanuts
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(ku)yog<b>o</b>za
</td>
<td>(ku)yog<b>e</b>za
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Verb
</td>
<td>annihilate
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(ku)r<b>e</b>ba
</td>
<td>(ku)r<b>a</b>ba
</td>
<td>see, look
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Vowel length
</td>
<td>/-r<b>ii</b>nganira/
</td>
<td>/-r<b>i</b>nganira/
</td>
<td rowspan="3"><a href="Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a>, <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>
</td>
<td>be of equal length
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>/-p<b>i</b>ma/
</td>
<td>/-p<b>ii</b>ma/
</td>
<td>measure, weigh
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>/-sáag<b>u</b>ra/
</td>
<td>/-sáag<b>uu</b>ra/
</td>
<td>be in excess
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3"><a href="Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a>
</td>
<td>/umukon<b>ó</b>/
</td>
<td>/umuk<b>ó</b>no/
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>signature
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>/muguf<b>í</b>/
</td>
<td>/mug<b>ú</b>fi/
</td>
<td><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a>
</td>
<td>short
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>/ikiguz<b>í</b>/
</td>
<td>/ikig<b>ú</b>zi/
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>price, value
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Formation
</td>
<td><b>nyira</b>bukwe
</td>
<td><b>ina</b>bukwe
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a>
</td>
<td>mother-in-law
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>nyira</b>kuru
</td>
<td><b>ina</b>kuru
</td>
<td>grandmother<sup>1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mixed
</td>
<td>umu<b>g</b>at<b>i</b>
</td>
<td>umu<b>k</b>at<b>e</b>
</td>
<td>Noun
</td>
<td>bread
</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff">
<td colspan="5"><small><sup>1</sup> In both Kinyarwanda and Kirundi, <i>nyogokuru</i> is more commonly used to mean "grandmother".</small>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw external" title="rn:"> Rundi edition</a></b></i> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>
</div>
<div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw external" title="rw:"> Kinyarwanda edition</a></b></i> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>
</div>
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</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rwanda and Rundi: <a href="Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a> "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007; <br>others: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_M._PaulGary_F._SimonsCharles_D._Fennig2015" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a></span> (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFZorcNibagwire2007" class="citation book cs1">Zorc, R. David; Nibagwire, Louise (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/products/-/247"><i>Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Comparative Grammar</i></a>. Dunwoody Press. Preface p. iv and p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-931546-32-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></li></ul>
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